REFERENCES

Scalpelium: Journal of Surgery and Clinical Research adheres to the referencing style outlined by the American Medical Association (AMA). This referencing approach traces its roots to the system first introduced by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors in 1978, known as the Vancouver style.

In-Text Citations

Citations should appear in the text using superscript Arabic numerals, placed sequentially as they appear, and without brackets—for example: ¹ or ³⁻⁵ or ¹⁰⁻¹⁵. Numbers must appear after punctuation (e.g., “…in the study.³”). Avoid using Microsoft Word’s built-in footnote or endnote functions, as these can cause issues during the layout and typesetting stages.

Reference List Format

References should be listed numerically in the same order they appear in the text, for example:

1. Lee TM, Nakamura S. Targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer: a decade of progress. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):12–19.

Journal names should be abbreviated according to PubMed standards.

  • If there are six or fewer authors, list all names.

  • For seven or more authors, list the first three followed by “et al.”

Examples:

  • Standard journal article:

    Kapur NK, Musunuru K. Clinical efficiency and safety of statins in managing cardiovascular risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(2):341–353.

  • Group as author:

    World Hypertension League. Global hypertension status report 2021. Int J Hypertens. 2021;28(4):105–117.

  • Individual authors plus group name:

    Chen Y, Morales P, Singh D; for the Pan-Asian Diabetes Study Group. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol. 2022;95(3):233–239.

  • Supplement, part, or issue formats:

    Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58(12 Suppl 7):S6–S12.

    Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491–495.

    Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230–238.

  • Articles published online before print:

    Ahmed Z, Ko Y, Brown T. Machine learning for pathology image analysis. Med AI J. Epub 2023 Jan 5.

  • Articles in foreign language:

    Dubois F. Traitement des infections urinaires chroniques [Treatment of chronic urinary tract infections]. Revue Méd Urg. 2017;11(2):89–95. French.

 

Books and Book Chapters

  • Books by individual authors:

    Jameson T, Rowe P. Genomic Medicine in Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. London: MedPress; 2019.

  • Edited books:

    Klein RS, Gomez ML, eds. Advances in Pediatric Neurology. New York: Insight Medical Publishing; 2020.

  • Book chapter in an edited book:

    Alvarez M, Tan C. Immune modulation in transplant recipients. In: Donovan J, Markson P, eds. Current Concepts in Transplant Immunology. Chicago: Academic MedPub; 2018:135–148.

 

Conference Proceedings

  • Published proceedings:

    Baker S, Ng M, Rahman F, eds. Proceedings of the International Conference on Oncology Research; 2022 Nov 10–12; Tokyo, Japan. New York: Springer; 2023.

  • Unpublished conference presentation:

    Taylor R. Addressing disparities in access to rare disease treatment. Presented at: Global Health Equity Forum; October 15, 2021; Geneva, Switzerland.

 

Other Reference Types

  • Patent:

    Mendoza J, inventor; Biotech Innovations Inc., assignee. Multichannel drug delivery catheter system. United States patent US 20230012789. 2023 Feb 15.

  • Newspaper article:

    Carson M. Telehealth becomes mainstream after pandemic. The New York Times. 2023 Aug 3;Sect. B:3 (col. 1).

  • Prescribing information and package inserts:

    Truvada® (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) tablets [prescribing information]. Foster City, CA: Gilead Sciences, Inc; 2022.

    Xarelto® (rivaroxaban) [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2022.

  • Dissertation or thesis:

    Ndlovu L. Assessment of Water Quality and Microbial Contamination in Urban Rivers [dissertation]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2021.

  • Clinical trials:

    AstraZeneca. A study to assess the efficacy of AZD1222 vaccine against COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04516746. Accessed May 15, 2024.

Online Sources

  • Online journal article:

    Morris A. Strategies to reduce clinician burnout during pandemics. J Med Ethics. 2022;48(9):1172. Available from: https://journals.bmj.com/ethics/article/48/9/1172. Accessed February 20, 2023.

  • Website or homepage:

    World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int. Accessed March 3, 2024.